Learning Motivation

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A.    Background

The development of an increasingly modern era, especially in today's era of globalization requires a source of high quality human resources. Improving the quality of human resources is an absolute prerequisite for achieving development goals. One vehicle to enhance quality human resources is education.
Education is a conscious effort to develop the potential of human resources through teaching activities. National Education System Law No. 20 of 2003, stating, that the national education goals is to develop the intellectual life of the Indonesian nation and the whole human being cautious against Almighty God and virtuous noble character, have the knowledge and skills, physical and spiritual health, personality, independent and fair and responsibilities social responsibility and nationalism.

One of the factors of the self that determines the success or failure in teaching and learning is the motivation to learn. In learning, motivation is the overall driving force within that causes learning activities, which ensures continuity of learning activities. Motivation to learn is a psychological factor that is non-intellectual. Someone who has high intelligence can fail because of lack of motivation in learning.

Motivation plays an important role in teaching and learning for both teachers and students. For teachers know students' motivation to learn than is required to maintain and enhance the spirit of student learning. For students motivation to learn to cultivate the spirit of learning so that students are motivated to do the act of learning. Students learn with fun activities driven motivation.
While external factors that can affect student learning is the learning method factor. Besides students, the most important element in learning activities is a teacher. Teachers as teachers who give at the same time science educators who teach values, morals, morally and socially and to perform the role of a teacher is required to have extensive knowledge and insight that will be taught to students. A teacher in delivering the materials need to choose which method are appropriate classes or students so that students feel attracted to follow the lessons taught. With a variety of methods to improve student learning activities.

B.     Problem Identification

Can be identified that the learning outcomes that are not quite optimal. It can be caused by factors that affect academic achievement. The factors affecting learning achievement to come from within you among other students motivation to learn, whereas external factors that can affect learning achievement of which is the factor of learning methods and environmental factors. Included in this research environment is the school environment and family environment. On the basis of thought above, the writer is interested to conduct research with the title of Motivation for Students

C.    Problem Formulation

1.      How motivation generated?

2.      How the learning method is is used?

3.      How is the condition of the family environment of students?

4.      How environmental conditions college student?

5.      Is there any influence of factors that could affect student motivation?

6.      Is there any effort to raise students' learning motivation?

D.    Goal Writing

1.      To find the motivation to learn

2.      To know the teaching methods used

3.      To determine the condition of the family environment

4.      To find out college environmental conditions

5.      To find out whether there are factors that affect student motivation

6.      To find out if there are efforts to instill in him the motivation to learn

E.     Benefits of Writing

The benefits expected by researchers from the implementation of this research are as follows:

●    Theoretical Benefits

1.   Adding insight and knowledge of researchers about the problems examined

2.   As training and experience in practice accepted theory dibangku college.

●    Practical Benefits

1.   For students to foster a positive learning motivation

2.   For the school as an input in an attempt to improve the quality of learners

3.   For teachers as input to determine the appropriate learning method that can generate motivation to learn

4.   For parents to increase awareness to better provide support and motivation towards education of children.

CHAPTER II
ISI

A.    Understanding Motivation

Motivation is derived words than English words - "Motivation". These words come from is the "motive" which has also been borrowed by Malay / Language Malaysia to Motive, which is intended PURPOSE. In the newspapers, often herald writes verse "motive for murder." Words motive here may we understand as a cause or purpose that push something the murder was committed.
Motivation can be defined as the cause, purpose or driving, then the purpose of someone that's actually the main driving force for him trying hard to reach or get what he wants as well as existing in a negative or positive. So motivation can be defined that: Motivation is something that is moving and someone in the same actions have negatively or positively.

B.     Understanding Motivation According to the Experts

Motives are often interpreted in terms of encouragement. The drive or power is the soul and body movement to do. So the motive is a driving force that drives people to behave, conduct, and it has a specific purpose. Any action taken by humans is always at the start with motivation (intention).

According Wexley & Yukl (in As'ad, 1987) argued that motivation is a gift or evocation motive, it can also be interpreted to be the motive or circumstances. Mitchell (in Winardi, 2002) suggests that the motivation represent psychological processes, which led to the emergence, and the persistence of volunteer activities (voluntary) which is directed to a specific destination. Gray (in Winardi, 2002) suggests that motivation is a process, which is internal, or external to an individual, giving rise to the attitude of enthusiasm and persistence, in terms of carrying out certain activities. Morgan (in Soemanto, 1987) suggests that the motivation concerned with three things which constitute aspects of motivation. These three things are: a state that drives behavior (Motivating states), behaviors that are driven by state (motivated behavior), and the purpose of such behavior (goals or ends of Such behavior). McDonald (in Soemanto, 1987) defines motivation as a change in power in a person who is characterized by the effective encouragement and the reactions to reach the goal. Motivation is a complex problem in the organization, because the needs and desires of each member organization is different from one another. This is different because every member of an organization is a unique biologically and psychologically, and developed on the basis of different learning processes (Suprihanto et al,2003).

Soemanto (1987) generally defines motivation as a change marked by the encouragement of effective and goal attainment reactions. Because human behavior is always aimed at, we can conclude that the change of behavior that gives strength for the purpose, has been going on in a person.
From the description above can be concluded that motivation is a number of psychological processes, which led to the emergence, diarahkanya, and the persistence of volunteer activities (voluntary) are directed to specific purposes, both internal, or external to an individual, which causes the emergence of enthusiasm and persistence attitudes.

C.    Understanding Learning

Learning is a process that involves self-interaction of physical, psychological and environment to achieve objectives, namely the changes which are progressive (forward) in the cognitive (knowledge), affective (attitude) and psychomotor (behavioral).

D.    Types of Motivation

With only know the theories about the motivation and understand what the human needs is not enough, therefore the implementation of the motivation we need to know the types of motivation for the model can be applied where appropriate motivation applied.

The types of motivation there are 2 that positive motivation and negative motivation.

1.      Positive Motivation is the process to try to influence others to start something we want by providing the possibility to get the prize.

2.      Negative Motivation is the process to influence someone to do something we want but the basic technique used is through the power of fear.

The motivation effective for long-term positive, while negative motivation for the short term only. In general, the motivation is divided into 2, namely:

1.      Intrinsic motivation, motivation that comes from the student / person itself.

2.      Extrinsic Motivation, encouragement is there in a person to perform any act or deed. But the impetus is coming from outside the individual. So people were stimulated from outside.

Motivations such as these need to be implemented by the school because the teaching-learning interaction sometimes students often do not pay the interest and attention to an ongoing activity. Therefore, in the interaction of learning, teachers in this regard has an important role in the effort to develop and enhance students' overall extrinsic motivation.

Thus students will participate more actively and positively participate in ongoing learning activities. Given the extrinsic motivation is due to stimulation and the influence of external students. So teachers should to always use the media and varied learning model in teaching and learning activities.
Thus students will be more clearly grown and evolved in its efforts to achieve the learning objectives. Without the efforts coupled hard teacher, then teaching and learning activities take place only if the teacher is always face to face, with the remaining students will always be passive.

E.     Motivation Theory

Motivation is an activity that resulted, distribute and maintain human behavior. And is a process to try to influence someone to do something we want. Motivation is needed someone to evoke the spirit of a person. Here are some theories in the opinion of experts, namely: Hierarchy of Needs Theory, according to Maslow within every human being there are five levels of needs, namely:

1.      Physiology (physiological)

2.      Security, safety and protection

3.      Social, love saying, feeling possessed

4.      Award, internal respect like self-esteem, achievement

5.      Self-actualization, the drive to become what he is capable of becoming.

So if a leader wants to motivate someone, according to Maslow, the leadership needs to understand is at the stairs where subordinates and focus on meeting those needs or she needs above that level.  Theory X and Y, the theory put forward by Douglas McGregor who stated that two distinctly different views on humans, it is essentially a negative one (theory X), which assumes that the lower order needs dominate individuals, and the other positive (theory Y) that needs orders high-dominated individuals. Theory of Motivation - Hygiene, proposed by psychologist Frederick Herzberg, who developed the theory of satisfaction is called two-factor theory of motivation. Two factor was called factor that makes people feel dissatisfied or climatic factors motvator either intrinsic or extrinsic, depending on the person who discusses the theory.

The factors of this series called satisfiers or motivators include:

1.      Achievement (achievement)

2.      Recognition (recognition)

3.      Responsibility (responsibility)

4.      Progress (advancement)

5.      The work itself (the Work Itself)

6.      The possibility of developing (the possibility of growth)

McClelland's needs theory, this theory focuses on three needs:

1.      Achievement (achievement)

2.      Power (power)

3.      Affiliation (tie)

Hope Theory - Victor Vroom, this theory argued that the strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that action would be followed by a specific output and the attractiveness of these outputs for the individual.

Expectancy theory says an employee is motivated to run a high effort level if he believes the effort will deliver a good performance appraisal little market, a good assessment will encourage organizational rewards such as bonuses, raises, or promotions and rewards that will satisfy personal goals employee.

Theory of Justice, motivation theory is based on the assumption that people are motivated by a desire to be treated fairly in employment, individuals work to get benefits from the organization's exchange concept of a motive or motivational processes.vReinforcement theory, this theory does not use In contrast to this theory explains how the consequences of behavior in the past influence the actions of a period to be dating in the learning process. Various views on motivation in organizations.

F.     Factors Affecting Learning Motivation

In everyday life we often hear the words, "learn a perky", "learning the base of the clever", and so forth. Many of us who either perceive learning as an activity that simply reading a book alone, it means that people who study hard are those who diligently read the book. Learning is not within the scope of that alone. Learning is a process that involves self-interaction of physical, psychological and environment to achieve objectives, namely the changes which are progressive (forward) in the cognitive (knowledge), affective (attitude) and psychomotor (behavioral).

By understanding the true concept, it turns out that learning is very broad and not limited to "read" only. Self interaction involving physical means of sensing that can support the learning process. Psychic means the motivation that drives a person to learn. And environment, meaning that environmental is needed in the study. All interaction is intended for a person of knowledge, attitudes (moral) and the action can be progressed.

For example, let us examine the following illustration. "At Pram is cool to ride a motorcycle tire suddenly his motorcycle hit a nail and had to be patched, after look here there was no handyman road tire. Pram tire went straight to it. Having arrived there on his bicycle tire immediately processed very quickly by builders tire, as long as there Pram see the workings, equipment used, he even asked how much capital, profits and losses, this price and that price, and so forth.

Given these events into broader cognitive domains with the world knowing about filling tires. With the knowledge that this is not intentional, he became interested in these jobs (affective domain). So he opened a filling tires with hiring lots of people (psychomotor domain), of course of the tricks that he'd get from knowledge. “This is done Pram is an example of one of the learning process. Very broad definitions of this study and the ongoing process can be anywhere, anytime and is not limited by time. With a background that then emerges a concept of lifelong learning. Where learning is not limited to space and time. Then what is the relationship of motivation to learn. Before moving further, let us understand the concept of motivation itself.

Motivation is a mental impulse that drives and directs human behavior. There are three factors that affect one's motivation is the need, encouragement, and purpose. If someone has a pressing need, the motivation will increase, for example, there are people who are very hungry because they do not eat for three days - three nights (hunger is a biological need) then he would eat with great gusto, from the man whose belly is full. This illustrates the motivation to eat.
Encouragement is also greatly affect motivation. The drive is usually in the form of reward (reward) and punishment (punishment).

For example a child who is afraid to be punished if they do not do their homework by the teacher, then he'll force me to work even though he can not. Similarly, for example, a teacher named "X" promised to buy a Honda Jazz for those who do their homework. Never mind the student class, another class of students, or even other school-school students will be scrambling to do homework given by teachers "X" was.

The last factor that affects the motivation is the goal. The purpose, goals, and vision of one person so affect motivation. Because of this, the father of the Indonesian nation once said, "Your ambition to the skies". This is very true, for example a woman who dreams of a housewife just as the motivation in school, self and achievement will be low, because the purpose of life for him was obvious, only around a kitchen, wells, and the mattress (Javanese traditional expression traditional against women). It would be different if we compare with a woman who aspires to be president, he will learn diligently, trying actively in political parties, which can raise achievement dignity as a understand the above then it could proceed discussion of how the influence of motivation to learn.

Learning without motivation motor vehicle without fuel, so that anything as fancy as the vehicle will not run without fuel. Complete as any facility owned by someone, even though thousands of copies of books he owned, even though hundreds of millions of dollars held for education costs, it will not matter if the motivation to learn is not inherent in him. Vice versa, to a minimum and as poor as what if any person is high then the lack of learning motivation in itself is just a small pebble that block step. Therefore, if the motivation is intrinsic (from inside) do not possess, then the extrinsic motivation (from outside the self) must be active to generate the intrinsic motivation.

Extrinsic motivation is the main thing is from parents or family. This is because since small children socialize, receive education (informal education) is the first time in the family, and education obtained in this family is the most important or primary education on children's personal development. We know many parents who only give money to their children to college, page Top facility motor vehicles, mobile phones, computers. It is true that when complete the facility will be very supportive person in learning, but without either intrinsic or extrinsic motivations such facility will not take effect, even could be misused. From this then comes the juvenile delinquency, for example street-racing, tuition money to buy drugs, even for a lengthy discussion of the above, it can be drawn a conclusion. Learning as a process of interaction to achieve the goal will effective, if supported by high, both in the form of intrinsic or extrinsic. And parents are significant in generating a person's motivation.

G.    Factors Differentiating Learning Motivation

Someone used effects With the Others, the following factors is a bit much to explain why the differences in self-motivation to learn each person, including:

1.      Physiological differences (physiological needs), such as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire

2.      Differences sense of security (safety needs), both mentally, physically, and intellectually

3.      Differences love or affection (love needs) it receives

4.      Differences self-esteem (self esteem needs). Examples of prestige to own a car or a luxury home, office, and others.

5.      Differences self-actualization (self-actualization), the availability of opportunities for someone to develop the potential inherent in themselves so that turned into a real capability.

H.    Efforts Generating Learning Motivation

Motivation to teach each person, each other, may not be the same. Usually, it depends of what they want the person concerned. For example, a child willing to learn and pursue the first rank because lure will buy a bike by his parents. As another example, a student has a high learning motivation for graduating cum laude. After that, he aims to get a great job with the aim of pleasing her parents.

There are 2 factors that make a person could be motivated to learn, namely

1.      First, the motivation comes from internal factors. Motivation is formed by self-awareness of understanding of how important it is to learn to develop them and equipped to live the life.

2.      Second, the motivation to learn from external factors, which can be a stimulus from another person, or the surrounding environment that can affect the person psychologically.

Increase Motivation Tips Learn. Motivation to learn will not be formed if the person does not have the desire, aspiration, or realize the benefits of learning for them. Therefore, it takes a certain conditioning, for us or anyone else who wanted the spirit to learn to be motivated. Here are some tips that can increase motivation to learn are:

1.      Mix with people who enjoy learning, associating with people who enjoy learning and achievement, will make us even eager to learn. Also, try to find people or communities that have good habits of learning.

2.      Ask about the experience at various places to people who have or are continuing their education to higher level, people who get studying abroad, or people who received awards.

3.      Habits and their spirit will rub off on us. Like the analogy of people who are friends with a carpenter or blacksmith perfume seller. If we get along with blacksmith artisans, we also participated in the smell of burnt metal splashing, and if you mix with the perfume seller, we would be splashed scent of perfume.

4.      Learning, however, the notion of studying here is widely understood, both formal and no formal. We can learn about a variety of skills such as assembling computers, learning to write, make movies, sailed to entrepreneurship, and other others.

5.      Learning from the Internet, we can use the Internet to join a group of people who enjoy learning. One of our mailing list to become a means of exchanging opinions, thoughts, and motivate yourself. For example, if you want to be motivated to learn English, we can go to the mailing list Free-English-Course@yahoogroups.com.

6.      Friendly with people who are optimistic and always think positive
in this world, there are people who always seem optimistic despite problems. We will catch the spirit, passion and sense of optimism if often socialize with people or are in a community like that, and vice versa.

7.      Find a motivator, sometimes, one needs another person as a driver or a mentor in life. For example: friends, boyfriend, or spouse. You can do the same by looking for someone / community who can help or motivate you learning and achievement.

CHAPTER III

CLOSING

A.    Conclusion

Motivation plays an important role in teaching and learning between a teacher and his students and the motivation to learn each person may not be the same. We must know the meaning of motivation itself; so that we can understand the meaning of motivation it and it can carry in our live. What kind of motivation we need to generate for us motivated. Many of the factors that affect learning achievement to come from within us, among others, the motivation to learn, whereas external factors that can affect learning achievement of which is the factor of learning methods and environmental factors. If environmental factors in good condition it will be good also to ourselves and vice versa if the environment is not good then it will have negative and what efforts are we doing to deal with such situations. If all can be solved then we are ready to achieve the expected goals.